Ph.D. Dissertation
Iowa State University
Copyright © Laura Lynn Arns, 2002. All rights reserved.
Currently, full chapters are available in Word, Adobe PDF or postcript formats. HTML version may be available at a later date.
Title Page (.doc) (.ps)
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Signature Page (.doc) (.ps)
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Dedication (.doc) (.ps)
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (.doc) (.ps) (.pdf) last modified 4/11/02
Acknowledgements (.doc) (.ps) (.pdf) last modified 4/11/02
CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION (.doc) (.ps)
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1.1 Two Motivating Examples
1.1.1 VRGobi
1.1.2 Interactive Oil Field Exploration
1.2 Scope of Work
CHAPTER 2. VIRTUAL REALITY BACKGROUND (.doc) (.ps)
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2.1 Overview of Virtual Reality Systems
2.1.1 Components of Virtual Reality Systems
2.1.2 Human Factors in Virtual Reality
2.2 Overview of Interaction Devices
2.2.1 Wands
2.2.2 Gloves
2.2.3 Mock-ups
2.2.4 Others
2.3 Overview of Display Devices
2.3.1 Monitors
2.3.2 Head Mounted Displays
2.3.3 Desks/Benches
2.3.4 Projection Device
CHAPTER 3. INTERACTION IN VIRTUAL REALITY (.doc)
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3.1 Selection
3.2 Manipulation
3.3 Navigation
CHAPTER 4. NAVIGATION (.doc) (.ps)
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4.1 Path Integration
4.2 Piloting
4.3 Locomotion
CHAPTER 5. LOCOMOTION IN VIRTUAL REALITY (.doc)
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5.1 Metaphors for Locomotion
5.1.1 Teleportation
5.1.2 Worlds In Miniature (WIM)
5.1.3 Scene In Hand
5.1.4 Eye In Hand
5.1.5 Flying Vehicle
5.1.6 Leaning
5.1.7 Need for Classification
5.2 A Locomotion Taxonomy
5.2.1 Direction/Target Selection
5.2.2 Velocity/Acceleration Selection
5.2.3 Input Conditions
5.2.4 Task Characteristics
5.2.5 Environment Characteristics
5.2.6 User Characteristics
5.2.7 System Characteristics
CHAPTER 6. PROPOSED LOCOMOTION TAXONOMY REVISIONS (.doc) (.ps) (.pdf) last modified 4/11/02
CHAPTER 7. THE NEW TAXONOMY (.doc) (.ps)
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7.1 Rotation Categories
7.2 Translation Categories
7.3 Rotation Sub-Categories
7.4 Translation Sub-Categories
7.5 Interaction Device Categories
7.6 Display Device Categories
7.7 Major Locomotion Classifications
7.7.1 Physical Rotation, Physical Translation
7.7.2 Physical Rotation, Virtual Translation
7.7.3 Virtual Rotation, Physical Translation
7.7.4 Virtual Rotation, Virtual Translation
7.7.5 No Rotation, Physical Translation
7.7.6 No Rotation, Virtual Translation
7.8 Task Categories
CHAPTER 8. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS (.doc) (.ps)
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8.1 General Description
8.2 Independent Variables
8.3 Dependent Variables
8.4 Test Subjects
8.5 Hypothesized Results
CHAPTER 9. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (.doc) (.ps)
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9.1 Demographic Information
9.1.1 Gender
9.1.2 Spatial Abilities
9.1.3 Age
9.1.4 Immersive Tendencies Questionnaire (ITQ)
9.2 Response Variables
9.2.1 Presence Questionnaire (PQ)
9.2.2 ITQ and PQ Correlation
9.2.3 Completion Times
9.2.4 Collisions
9.2.5 Missed Targets
9.2.6 Pointing Error
9.2.7 Floorplan Identification
9.3 Effect of Demographics on Response Variables
9.3.1 Effect of Gender
9.3.2 Effect of Age
9.3.3 Effect of Immersive Tendencies
9.3.4 Effect of Spatial Abilities
9.4 Effect of Observed Factors
9.4.1 Test Observations and Presence
9.4.2 Test Observations and Completion Times
9.4.3 Test Observations and Collisions
9.4.4 Test Observations and Missed Targets
9.4.5 Test Observations and Pointing Error
9.4.6 Test Observations and Floorplan Identification
9.5 Other Interactions
9.5.1 Gender and Spatial Abilities
9.5.2 Floorplan Identification and Pointing Error
9.5.3 Floorplan Identification and Completion Times
9.5.4 Video Game Effect
9.6 Questionnaire Responses
9.6.1 General Experience Questionnaire
9.6.2 Locomotion Questionnaire
CHAPTER 10. CONCLUSIONS (.doc) (.ps)
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10.1 Display Device
10.2 Rotation Method
10.3 Demographic Effects
10.4 Subject Attention Effect and Video Game Effect
10.5 The Winner?
10.6 Future Work
APPENDIX A: GENERAL PRE-QUESTIONNAIRE (.doc) (.ps) (.pdf) last modified 4/11/02
APPENDIX B: IMMERSIVE TENDENCIES QUESTIONNAIRE (.doc) (.ps) (.pdf) last modified 4/11/02
APPENDIX C: WELL-BEING QUESTIONNAIRE (.doc) (.ps) (.pdf) last modified 4/11/02
APPENDIX D: PRESENCE QUESTIONNAIRE (.doc) (.ps) (.pdf) last modified 4/11/02
APPENDIX E: GENERAL POST-QUESTIONNAIRE (.doc) (.ps) (.pdf) last modified 4/11/02
APPENDIX F: LOCOMOTION POST-QUESTIONNAIRE (.doc) (.ps) (.pdf) last modified 4/11/02
APPENDIX G: EXPERIMENT SUBJECTS (.doc) (.ps) (.pdf) last modified 4/11/02
APPENDIX H: ORIGINAL TEST SUBJECTS (.doc) (.ps) (.pdf) last modified 5/3/02
APPENDIX I: REPLACEMENT TEST SUBJECTS (.doc) (.ps) (.pdf) last modified 5/3/02
APPENDIX J: REPLACEMENT OF SUBJECTS (.doc) (.ps) (.pdf) last modified 4/11/02
APPENDIX K: SUBJECT PERFORMANCE (.doc) (.ps) (.pdf) last modified 4/11/02
APPENDIX L: ADDITONAL ANOVAS AND HISTOGRAMS (.doc) (.ps) (.pdf) last modified 4/11/02
APPENDIX M: RESPONSES TO GENERAL POST-QUESTIONNAIRE (.doc) (.ps) (.pdf) last modified 5/3/02
APPENDIX N: RESPONSES TO LOCOMOTION POST-QUESTIONNAIRE (.doc) (.ps) (.pdf) last modified 5/3/02